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First Substitute H.B. 220

Representative Eric K. Hutchings proposes the following substitute bill:


             1     
CHILD PROTECTION - GANG ASSOCIATION

             2     
2006 GENERAL SESSION

             3     
STATE OF UTAH

             4     
Chief Sponsor: Eric K. Hutchings

             5     
Senate Sponsor: Ed Mayne

             6     
             7      LONG TITLE
             8      General Description:
             9          This bill amends the Juvenile Court Act of 1996 to provide for the protection of
             10      children whose parents permit them to be exposed to illegal gang activity.
             11      Highlighted Provisions:
             12          This bill:
             13          .    defines terms;
             14          .    provides that the definition of a neglected child includes a minor whose parent:
             15              .    permits the minor to associate with a gang while the gang, or any member of the
             16      gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the minor; or
             17              .    associates with a gang in the presence of a minor while the gang, or any member
             18      of the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the minor;
             19          .    provides that there is a presumption that reunification services should not be
             20      provided to a parent if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the
             21      parent:
             22              .    permits the parent's child to associate with a gang while the gang, or any
             23      member of the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the
             24      minor, or associates with a gang in the presence of the parent's child while the
             25      gang, or any member of the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence


             26      of the child; and
             27              .    knew or should have known that the conduct described above was occurring;
             28      and
             29          .    makes technical changes.
             30      Monies Appropriated in this Bill:
             31          None
             32      Other Special Clauses:
             33          None
             34      Utah Code Sections Affected:
             35      AMENDS:
             36          78-3a-103, as last amended by Chapter 95, Laws of Utah 2005
             37          78-3a-306, as last amended by Chapters 131 and 267, Laws of Utah 2003
             38          78-3a-311, as last amended by Chapter 286, Laws of Utah 2005
             39     
             40      Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
             41          Section 1. Section 78-3a-103 is amended to read:
             42           78-3a-103. Definitions.
             43          (1) As used in this chapter:
             44          (a) "Abused child" includes a minor less than 18 years of age who:
             45          (i) has suffered or been threatened with nonaccidental physical or mental harm,
             46      negligent treatment, or sexual exploitation; or
             47          (ii) has been the victim of any sexual abuse.
             48          (b) "Adjudication" means a finding by the court, incorporated in a decree, that the facts
             49      alleged in the petition have been proved.
             50          (c) "Adult" means a person 18 years of age or over, except that persons 18 years or
             51      over under the continuing jurisdiction of the juvenile court pursuant to Section 78-3a-121 shall
             52      be referred to as minors.
             53          (d) "Board" means the Board of Juvenile Court Judges.
             54          (e) "Child placement agency" means:
             55          (i) a private agency licensed to receive minors for placement or adoption under this
             56      code; or


             57          (ii) a private agency receiving minors for placement or adoption in another state, which
             58      agency is licensed or approved where such license or approval is required by law.
             59          (f) "Commit" means to transfer legal custody.
             60          (g) "Court" means the juvenile court.
             61          (h) "Criminal conduct" means activity that would constitute a misdemeanor or a felony
             62      if committed by an adult.
             63          [(h)] (i) "Dependent child" includes a minor who is homeless or without proper care
             64      through no fault of the minor's parent, guardian, or custodian.
             65          [(i)] (j) "Deprivation of custody" means transfer of legal custody by the court from a
             66      parent or the parents or a previous legal custodian to another person, agency, or institution.
             67          [(j)] (k) "Detention" means home detention and secure detention as defined in Section
             68      62A-7-101 for the temporary care of minors who require secure custody in physically
             69      restricting facilities:
             70          (i) pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction; or
             71          (ii) while under the continuing jurisdiction of the court.
             72          [(k)] (l) "Division" means the Division of Child and Family Services.
             73          [(l)] (m) "Formal referral" means a written report from a peace officer or other person
             74      informing the court that a minor is or appears to be within the court's jurisdiction and that a
             75      petition may be filed.
             76          (n) "Gang" means an ongoing group or association, whether formal or informal in
             77      organization, that:
             78          (i) has a common identifying sign, symbol, or name; and
             79          (ii) has, as one of the primary activities of the group or association:
             80          (A) engaging in criminal conduct; or
             81          (B) creating an atmosphere of fear and intimidation within the community.
             82          [(m)] (o) "Group rehabilitation therapy" means psychological and social counseling of
             83      one or more persons in the group, depending upon the recommendation of the therapist.
             84          [(n)] (p) "Guardianship of the person" includes the authority to consent to:
             85          (i) marriage[, to];
             86          (ii) enlistment in the armed forces[, to];
             87          (iii) major medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment[, and to]; or


             88          (iv) legal custody, if legal custody is not vested in another person, agency, or
             89      institution.
             90          [(o)] (q) "Habitual truant" is a school-age minor who:
             91          (i) has received:
             92          (A) more than two truancy citations within one school year from the school in which
             93      the minor is or should be enrolled; and
             94          (B) eight absences without a legitimate or valid excuse; or
             95          (ii) in defiance of efforts on the part of school authorities as required under Section
             96      53A-11-103 , refuses to regularly attend school or any scheduled period of the school day.
             97          [(p)] (r) "Legal custody" means a relationship embodying the following rights and
             98      duties:
             99          (i) the right to physical custody of the minor;
             100          (ii) the right and duty to protect, train, and discipline the minor;
             101          (iii) the duty to provide the minor with food, clothing, shelter, education, and ordinary
             102      medical care;
             103          (iv) the right to determine where and with whom the minor shall live; and
             104          (v) the right, in an emergency, to authorize surgery or other extraordinary care.
             105          [(q)] (s) (i) "Minor" means a person under the age of 18 years.
             106          (ii) "Minor" includes the term "child" as used in other parts of this chapter.
             107          [(r)] (t) "Natural parent" means a minor's biological or adoptive parent, and includes
             108      the minor's noncustodial parent.
             109          [(s)] (u) (i) "Neglected child" means a minor:
             110          (A) whose parent, guardian, or custodian has abandoned the minor, except as provided
             111      in Title 62A, Chapter 4a, Part 8, Safe Relinquishment of a Newborn Child;
             112          (B) whose parent, guardian, or custodian has subjected the minor to mistreatment or
             113      abuse;
             114          (C) who lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of the parent,
             115      guardian, or custodian;
             116          (D) whose parent, guardian, or custodian fails or refuses to provide proper or necessary
             117      subsistence, education, or medical care, including surgery or psychiatric services when
             118      required, or any other care necessary for health, safety, morals, or well-being; [or]


             119          (E) who is at risk of being a neglected or abused child as defined in this chapter
             120      because another minor in the same home is a neglected or abused child as defined in this
             121      chapter[.]; or
             122          (F) whose parent:
             123          (I) permits the minor to associate with a gang while the gang, or any member of the
             124      gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the minor; or
             125          (II) associates with a gang in the presence of a minor while the gang, or any member of
             126      the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the minor.
             127          (ii) The aspect of neglect related to education, described in Subsection (1)[(s)](u)(i)(D),
             128      means that, after receiving notice that a minor has been frequently absent from school without
             129      good cause, or that the minor has failed to cooperate with school authorities in a reasonable
             130      manner, a parent or guardian fails to make a good faith effort to ensure that the minor receives
             131      an appropriate education.
             132          (iii) A parent or guardian legitimately practicing religious beliefs and who, for that
             133      reason, does not provide specified medical treatment for a minor, is not guilty of neglect.
             134          (iv) Notwithstanding Subsection (1)[(s)](u)(i), a health care decision made for a child
             135      by the child's parent or guardian does not constitute neglect unless the state or other party to the
             136      proceeding shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that the health care decision is not
             137      reasonable and informed.
             138          (v) Nothing in Subsection (1)[(s)](u)(iv) may prohibit a parent or guardian from
             139      exercising the right to obtain a second health care opinion.
             140          [(t)] (v) "Nonjudicial adjustment" means closure of the case by the assigned probation
             141      officer without judicial determination upon the consent in writing of the minor, the parent,
             142      legal guardian or custodian, and the assigned probation officer.
             143          [(u)] (w) "Probation" means a legal status created by court order following an
             144      adjudication on the ground of a violation of law or under Section 78-3a-104 , whereby the
             145      minor is permitted to remain in the minor's home under prescribed conditions and under
             146      supervision by the probation department or other agency designated by the court, subject to
             147      return to the court for violation of any of the conditions prescribed.
             148          [(v)] (x) "Protective supervision" means a legal status created by court order following
             149      an adjudication on the ground of abuse, neglect, or dependency, whereby the minor is permitted


             150      to remain in the minor's home, and supervision and assistance to correct the abuse, neglect, or
             151      dependency is provided by the probation department or other agency designated by the court.
             152          [(w)] (y) (i) "Residual parental rights and duties" means those rights and duties
             153      remaining with the parent after legal custody or guardianship, or both, have been vested in
             154      another person or agency, including:
             155          (A) the responsibility for support;
             156          (B) the right to consent to adoption;
             157          (C) the right to determine the child's religious affiliation; and
             158          (D) the right to reasonable parent-time unless restricted by the court.
             159          (ii) If no guardian has been appointed, "residual parental rights and duties" also include
             160      the right to consent to:
             161          (A) marriage;
             162          (B) enlistment; and
             163          (C) major medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment.
             164          [(x)] (z) "Secure facility" means any facility operated by or under contract with the
             165      Division of Juvenile Justice Services, that provides 24-hour supervision and confinement for
             166      youth offenders committed to the division for custody and rehabilitation.
             167          [(y)] (aa) "Shelter" means the temporary care of minors in physically unrestricted
             168      facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction.
             169          [(z)] (bb) "State supervision" means a disposition that provides a more intensive level
             170      of intervention than standard probation but is less intensive or restrictive than a community
             171      placement with the Division of Juvenile Justice Services.
             172          [(aa)] (cc) "Substantiated" [has the same meaning as defined in Subsection] is as
             173      defined in Section 62A-4a-101 [(29)].
             174          [(bb)] (dd) "Supported" [has the same meaning as defined in Subsection] is as defined
             175      in Section 62A-4a-101 [(31)].
             176          [(cc)] (ee) "Termination of parental rights" means the permanent elimination of all
             177      parental rights and duties, including residual parental rights and duties, by court order.
             178          [(dd)] (ff) "Therapist" means a person employed by a state division or agency for the
             179      purpose of conducting psychological treatment and counseling of a minor in its custody, or any
             180      other person licensed or approved by the state for the purpose of conducting psychological


             181      treatment and counseling.
             182          [(ee)] (gg) "Unsubstantiated" [has the same meaning as defined in Subsection] is as
             183      defined in Section 62A-4a-101 [(34)].
             184          [(ff)] (hh) "Without merit" [has the same meaning as defined in Subsection] is as
             185      defined in Section 62A-4a-101 [(36)].
             186          (2) As used in Part 3, Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency Proceedings, with regard to the
             187      Division of Child and Family Services:
             188          (a) "Custody" means the custody of a minor in the Division of Child and Family
             189      Services as of the date of disposition.
             190          (b) "Protective custody" means the shelter of a minor by the Division of Child and
             191      Family Services from the time the minor is removed from home until the earlier of:
             192          (i) the shelter hearing; or
             193          (ii) the minor's return home.
             194          (c) "Temporary custody" means the custody of a minor in the Division of Child and
             195      Family Services from the date of the shelter hearing until disposition.
             196          Section 2. Section 78-3a-306 is amended to read:
             197           78-3a-306. Shelter hearing.
             198          (1) A shelter hearing shall be held within 72 hours excluding weekends and holidays
             199      after any one or all of the following occur:
             200          (a) removal of the child from his home by the Division of Child and Family Services;
             201          (b) placement of the child in the protective custody of the Division of Child and Family
             202      Services;
             203          (c) emergency kinship placement under Subsection 62A-4a-202.1 (4); or
             204          (d) as an alternative to removal of the child, a parent has entered a domestic violence
             205      shelter at the request of the Division of Child and Family Services.
             206          (2) Upon the occurrence of any of the circumstances described in Subsections (1)(a)
             207      through (1)(d), the division shall issue a notice that contains all of the following:
             208          (a) the name and address of the person to whom the notice is directed;
             209          (b) the date, time, and place of the shelter hearing;
             210          (c) the name of the minor on whose behalf a petition is being brought;
             211          (d) a concise statement regarding:


             212          (i) the reasons for removal or other action of the division under Subsection (1); and
             213          (ii) the allegations and code sections under which the proceeding has been instituted;
             214          (e) a statement that the parent or guardian to whom notice is given, and the minor, are
             215      entitled to have an attorney present at the shelter hearing, and that if the parent or guardian is
             216      indigent and cannot afford an attorney, and desires to be represented by an attorney, one will be
             217      provided; and
             218          (f) a statement that the parent or guardian is liable for the cost of support of the minor
             219      in the protective custody, temporary custody, and custody of the division, and the cost for legal
             220      counsel appointed for the parent or guardian under Subsection (2)(e), according to his financial
             221      ability.
             222          (3) That notice shall be personally served as soon as possible, but no later than one
             223      business day after removal of a child from his home, on:
             224          (a) the appropriate guardian ad litem; and
             225          (b) both parents and any guardian of the minor, unless they cannot be located.
             226          (4) The following persons shall be present at the shelter hearing:
             227          (a) the child, unless it would be detrimental for the child;
             228          (b) the child's parents or guardian, unless they cannot be located, or fail to appear in
             229      response to the notice;
             230          (c) counsel for the parents, if one has been requested;
             231          (d) the child's guardian ad litem;
             232          (e) the caseworker from the Division of Child and Family Services who has been
             233      assigned to the case; and
             234          (f) the attorney from the attorney general's office who is representing the division.
             235          (5) (a) At the shelter hearing, the court shall provide an opportunity for the minor's
             236      parent or guardian, if present, and any other person having relevant knowledge, to provide
             237      relevant testimony. The court may also provide an opportunity for the minor to testify.
             238          (b) The court may consider all relevant evidence, in accordance with the Utah Rules of
             239      Juvenile Procedure. The court shall hear relevant evidence presented by the minor, his parent
             240      or guardian, the requesting party, or their counsel, but may in its discretion limit testimony and
             241      evidence to only that which goes to the issues of removal and the child's need for continued
             242      protection.


             243          (6) If the child is in the protective custody of the division, the division shall report to
             244      the court:
             245          (a) the reasons why the minor was removed from the parent's or guardian's custody;
             246          (b) any services provided to the child and his family in an effort to prevent removal;
             247          (c) the need, if any, for continued shelter;
             248          (d) the available services that could facilitate the return of the minor to the custody of
             249      his parent or guardian; and
             250          (e) whether the child has any relatives who may be able and willing to take temporary
             251      custody.
             252          (7) The court shall consider all relevant evidence provided by persons or entities
             253      authorized to present relevant evidence pursuant to this section.
             254          (8) If necessary to protect the child, preserve the rights of a party, or for other good
             255      cause shown, the court may grant no more than one time-limited continuance, not to exceed
             256      five judicial days.
             257          (9) If the child is in the protective custody of the division, the court shall order that the
             258      minor be released from the protective custody of the division unless it finds, by a
             259      preponderance of the evidence, that any one of the following exist:
             260          (a) there is a substantial danger to the physical health or safety of the minor and the
             261      minor's physical health or safety may not be protected without removing him from his parent's
             262      custody. If a minor has previously been adjudicated as abused, neglected, or dependent and a
             263      subsequent incident of abuse, neglect, or dependency occurs, that fact constitutes prima facie
             264      evidence that the child cannot safely remain in the custody of his parent;
             265          (b) (i) the minor is suffering emotional damage, as may be indicated by, but is not
             266      limited to, extreme anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or negative aggressive behavior toward
             267      self or others[,]; and
             268          (ii) there are no reasonable means available by which the minor's emotional health may
             269      be protected without removing the minor from the custody of his parent;
             270          (c) the minor or another minor residing in the same household has been physically or
             271      sexually abused, or is considered to be at substantial risk of being physically or sexually
             272      abused, by a parent, a member of the parent's household, or other person known to the parent.
             273      If a parent has received actual notice that physical or sexual abuse by a person known to the


             274      parent has occurred, and there is evidence that the parent has allowed the child to be in the
             275      physical presence of the alleged abuser, that fact constitutes prima facie evidence that the child
             276      is at substantial risk of being physically or sexually abused;
             277          (d) the parent is unwilling to have physical custody of the child;
             278          (e) the minor has been left without any provision for his support;
             279          (f) a parent who has been incarcerated or institutionalized has not or cannot arrange for
             280      safe and appropriate care for the minor;
             281          (g) (i) a relative or other adult custodian with whom the minor has been left by the
             282      parent is unwilling or unable to provide care or support for the minor[,];
             283          (ii) the whereabouts of the parent are unknown[,]; and
             284          (iii) reasonable efforts to locate [him] the parent have been unsuccessful;
             285          (h) the minor is in immediate need of medical care;
             286          (i) the physical environment or the fact that the child is left unattended poses a threat to
             287      the child's health or safety;
             288          (j) the minor or another minor residing in the same household has been neglected;
             289          (k) the parent, or an adult residing in the same household as the parent, has been
             290      charged or arrested pursuant to Title 58, Chapter 37d, Clandestine Drug Lab Act, and any
             291      clandestine laboratory operation, as defined in Section 58-37d-3 , was located in the residence
             292      or on the property where the child resided; or
             293          (l) the child's welfare is otherwise endangered.
             294          (10) (a) (i) The court shall also make a determination on the record as to whether
             295      reasonable efforts were made to prevent or eliminate the need for removal of the minor from
             296      his home and whether there are available services that would prevent the need for continued
             297      removal.
             298          (ii) If the court finds that the minor can be safely returned to the custody of his parent
             299      or guardian through the provision of those services, [it] the court shall place the minor with his
             300      parent or guardian and order that those services be provided by the division.
             301          (b) In making [that] the determination described in Subsection (10)(a), and in ordering
             302      and providing services, the child's health, safety, and welfare shall be the paramount concern,
             303      in accordance with federal law.
             304          (11) Where the division's first contact with the family occurred during an emergency


             305      situation in which the child could not safely remain at home, the court shall make a finding that
             306      any lack of preplacement preventive efforts was appropriate.
             307          (12) In cases where actual sexual abuse or abandonment, or serious physical abuse or
             308      neglect are involved, neither the division nor the court has any duty to make "reasonable
             309      efforts" or to, in any other way, attempt to maintain a child in his home, return a child to his
             310      home, provide reunification services, or attempt to rehabilitate the offending parent or parents.
             311          (13) The court may not order continued removal of a minor solely on the basis of
             312      educational neglect as described in Subsection 78-3a-103 (1)[(s)](u)(ii).
             313          (14) (a) Whenever a court orders continued removal of a minor under this section, [it]
             314      the court shall state the facts on which that decision is based.
             315          (b) If no continued removal is ordered and the minor is returned home, the court shall
             316      state the facts on which that decision is based.
             317          (15) If the court finds that continued removal and temporary custody are necessary for
             318      the protection of a child because harm may result to the child if [he] the child were returned
             319      home, [it] the court shall order continued removal regardless of:
             320          (a) any error in the initial removal of the child[, or];
             321          (b) the failure of a party to comply with notice provisions[,]; or
             322          (c) any other procedural requirement of this chapter or Title 62A, Chapter 4a, Child
             323      and Family Services.
             324          Section 3. Section 78-3a-311 is amended to read:
             325           78-3a-311. Dispositional hearing -- Reunification services -- Exceptions.
             326          (1) The court may:
             327          (a) make any of the dispositions described in Section 78-3a-118 ;
             328          (b) place the minor in the custody or guardianship of any:
             329          (i) individual; or
             330          (ii) public or private entity or agency; or
             331          (c) order:
             332          (i) protective supervision;
             333          (ii) family preservation;
             334          (iii) medical or mental health treatment; or
             335          (iv) other services.


             336          (2) (a) (i) Whenever the court orders continued removal at the dispositional hearing,
             337      and that the minor remain in the custody of the division, the court shall first:
             338          (A) establish a primary permanency goal for the minor; and
             339          (B) determine whether, in view of the primary permanency goal, reunification services
             340      are appropriate for the minor and the minor's family, pursuant to Subsection (3).
             341          (ii) Subject to Subsection (2)(b), if the court determines that reunification services are
             342      appropriate for the minor and the minor's family, the court shall provide for reasonable
             343      parent-time with the parent or parents from whose custody the minor was removed, unless
             344      parent-time is not in the best interest of the minor.
             345          (iii) (A) In cases where obvious sexual abuse, abandonment, or serious physical abuse
             346      or neglect are involved, neither the division nor the court has any duty to make "reasonable
             347      efforts" or to, in any other way, attempt to provide reunification services, or to attempt to
             348      rehabilitate the offending parent or parents.
             349          (B) In all cases, the minor's health, safety, and welfare shall be the court's paramount
             350      concern in determining whether reasonable efforts to reunify should be made.
             351          (b) (i) For purposes of Subsection (2)(a)(ii), parent-time is in the best interests of a
             352      minor unless the court makes a finding that it is necessary to deny parent-time in order to:
             353          (A) protect the physical safety of the minor;
             354          (B) protect the life of the minor; or
             355          (C) prevent the minor from being traumatized by contact with the parent due to the
             356      minor's fear of the parent in light of the nature of the alleged abuse or neglect.
             357          (ii) Notwithstanding Subsection (2)(a)(ii), a court may not deny parent-time based
             358      solely on a parent's failure to:
             359          (A) prove that the parent has not used legal or illegal substances; or
             360          (B) comply with an aspect of the child and family plan that is ordered by the court.
             361          (c) (i) In addition to the primary permanency goal, the court shall establish a concurrent
             362      permanency goal that shall include:
             363          (A) a representative list of the conditions under which the primary permanency goal
             364      will be abandoned in favor of the concurrent permanency goal; and
             365          (B) an explanation of the effect of abandoning or modifying the primary permanency
             366      goal.


             367          (ii) A permanency hearing shall be conducted in accordance with Subsection
             368      78-3a-312 (1)(b) within 30 days if something other than reunification is initially established as a
             369      minor's primary permanency goal.
             370          (iii) (A) The court may amend a minor's primary permanency goal before the
             371      establishment of a final permanency plan under Section 78-3a-312 .
             372          (B) The court is not limited to the terms of the concurrent permanency goal in the event
             373      that the primary permanency goal is abandoned.
             374          (C) If, at any time, the court determines that reunification is no longer a minor's
             375      primary permanency goal, the court shall conduct a permanency hearing in accordance with
             376      Section 78-3a-312 on or before the earlier of:
             377          (I) 30 days from the day on which the court makes the determination described in this
             378      Subsection (2)(c)(iii)(C); or
             379          (II) 12 months from the day on which the minor was first removed from the minor's
             380      home.
             381          (d) (i) (A) If the court determines that reunification services are appropriate, it shall
             382      order that the division make reasonable efforts to provide services to the minor and the minor's
             383      parent for the purpose of facilitating reunification of the family, for a specified period of time.
             384          (B) In providing the services described in Subsection (2)(d)(i)(A), the minor's health,
             385      safety, and welfare shall be the division's paramount concern, and the court shall so order.
             386          (ii) The court shall:
             387          (A) determine whether the services offered or provided by the division under the child
             388      and family plan constitute "reasonable efforts" on the part of the division;
             389          (B) determine and define the responsibilities of the parent under the child and family
             390      plan in accordance with Subsection 62A-4a-205 (6)(e); and
             391          (C) identify on the record the responsibilities described in Subsection (2)(d)(ii)(B), for
             392      the purpose of assisting in any future determination regarding the provision of reasonable
             393      efforts, in accordance with state and federal law.
             394          (iii) (A) The time period for reunification services may not exceed 12 months from the
             395      date that the minor was initially removed from the minor's home.
             396          (B) Nothing in this section may be construed to entitle any parent to an entire 12
             397      months of reunification services.


             398          (iv) If reunification services are ordered, the court may terminate those services at any
             399      time.
             400          (v) If, at any time, continuation of reasonable efforts to reunify a minor is determined
             401      to be inconsistent with the final permanency plan for the minor established pursuant to
             402      Subsection 78-3a-312 , then measures shall be taken, in a timely manner, to:
             403          (A) place the minor in accordance with the permanency plan; and
             404          (B) complete whatever steps are necessary to finalize the permanent placement of the
             405      minor.
             406          (e) Any physical custody of the minor by the parent or a relative during the period
             407      described in Subsection (2)(d) does not interrupt the running of the period.
             408          (f) (i) If reunification services are ordered, a permanency hearing shall be conducted by
             409      the court in accordance with Section 78-3a-312 at the expiration of the time period for
             410      reunification services.
             411          (ii) The permanency hearing shall be held no later than 12 months after the original
             412      removal of the minor.
             413          (iii) If reunification services are not ordered, a permanency hearing shall be conducted
             414      within 30 days, in accordance with Section 78-3a-312 .
             415          (g) With regard to a minor who is 36 months of age or younger at the time the minor is
             416      initially removed from the home, the court shall:
             417          (i) hold a permanency hearing eight months after the date of the initial removal,
             418      pursuant to Section 78-3a-312 ; and
             419          (ii) order the discontinuance of those services after eight months from the initial
             420      removal of the minor from the home if the parent or parents have not made substantial efforts
             421      to comply with the child and family plan.
             422          (h) With regard to a minor in the custody of the division whose parent or parents are
             423      ordered to receive reunification services but who have abandoned that minor for a period of six
             424      months from the date that reunification services were ordered:
             425          (i) the court shall terminate reunification services; and
             426          (ii) the division shall petition the court for termination of parental rights.
             427          (3) (a) Because of the state's interest in and responsibility to protect and provide
             428      permanency for minors who are abused, neglected, or dependent, the Legislature finds that a


             429      parent's interest in receiving reunification services is limited.
             430          (b) The court may determine that:
             431          (i) efforts to reunify a minor with the minor's family are not reasonable or appropriate,
             432      based on the individual circumstances; and
             433          (ii) reunification services should not be provided.
             434          (c) In determining "reasonable efforts" to be made with respect to a minor, and in
             435      making "reasonable efforts," the minor's health, safety, and welfare shall be the paramount
             436      concern.
             437          (d) (i) There is a presumption that reunification services should not be provided to a
             438      parent if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that any of the following
             439      circumstances exist:
             440          (A) the whereabouts of the parents are unknown, based upon a verified affidavit
             441      indicating that a reasonably diligent search has failed to locate the parent;
             442          (B) subject to Subsection (3)(d)(ii), the parent is suffering from a mental illness of such
             443      magnitude that it renders the parent incapable of utilizing reunification services;
             444          (C) the minor was previously adjudicated as an abused child due to physical or sexual
             445      abuse, and following the adjudication the minor:
             446          (I) was removed from the custody of the minor's parent;
             447          (II) was subsequently returned to the custody of the parent; and
             448          (III) is being removed due to additional physical or sexual abuse;
             449          (D) the parent:
             450          (I) caused the death of another minor through abuse or neglect; or
             451          (II) committed, aided, abetted, attempted, conspired, or solicited to commit:
             452          (Aa) murder or manslaughter of a child; or
             453          (Bb) child abuse homicide;
             454          (E) the minor suffered severe abuse by the parent or by any person known by the
             455      parent, if the parent knew or reasonably should have known that the person was abusing the
             456      minor;
             457          (F) the minor is adjudicated an abused child as a result of severe abuse by the parent,
             458      and the court finds that it would not benefit the minor to pursue reunification services with the
             459      offending parent;


             460          (G) the parent's rights are terminated with regard to any other minor;
             461          (H) the minor is removed from the minor's home on at least two previous occasions
             462      and reunification services were offered or provided to the family at those times;
             463          (I) the parent has abandoned the minor for a period of six months or longer; [or]
             464          [(J) any other circumstance that the court determines should preclude reunification
             465      efforts or services.]
             466          (J) the parent:
             467          (I) permits the parent's child to associate with a gang while the gang, or any member of
             468      the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the child; and
             469          (II) knew or should have known that the parent's child associated with the gang, or any
             470      member of the gang, while the gang, or member of the gang, was engaged in criminal conduct
             471      in the presence of the child;
             472          (K) the parent:
             473          (I) associates with a gang in the presence of the parent's child while the gang, or any
             474      member of the gang, is engaged in criminal conduct in the presence of the child; and
             475          (II) knew or should have known that the parent associated with a gang in the presence
             476      of the parent's child while the gang, or any member of the gang, was engaged in criminal
             477      conduct in the presence of the child; or
             478          (L) any other circumstance that the court determines should preclude reunification
             479      efforts or services.
             480          (ii) The finding under Subsection (3)(d)(i)(B) shall be based on competent evidence
             481      from mental health professionals establishing that, even with the provision of services, the
             482      parent is not likely to be capable of adequately caring for the minor within 12 months from the
             483      day on which the court finding is made.
             484          (4) In determining whether reunification services are appropriate, the court shall take
             485      into consideration:
             486          (a) failure of the parent to respond to previous services or comply with a previous child
             487      and family plan;
             488          (b) the fact that the minor was abused while the parent was under the influence of
             489      drugs or alcohol;
             490          (c) any history of violent behavior;


             491          (d) whether a parent continues to live with an individual who abused the minor;
             492          (e) any patterns of the parent's behavior that have exposed the minor to repeated abuse;
             493          (f) testimony by a competent professional that the parent's behavior is unlikely to be
             494      successful; and
             495          (g) whether the parent has expressed an interest in reunification with the minor.
             496          (5) (a) If reunification services are not ordered pursuant to Subsection (3)(a), and the
             497      whereabouts of a parent become known within six months of the out-of-home placement of the
             498      minor, the court may order the division to provide reunification services.
             499          (b) The time limits described in Subsection (2) are not tolled by the parent's absence.
             500          (6) (a) If a parent is incarcerated or institutionalized, the court shall order reasonable
             501      services unless it determines that those services would be detrimental to the minor.
             502          (b) In making the determination described in Subsection (6)(a), the court shall
             503      consider:
             504          (i) the age of the minor;
             505          (ii) the degree of parent-child bonding;
             506          (iii) the length of the sentence;
             507          (iv) the nature of the treatment;
             508          (v) the nature of the crime or illness;
             509          (vi) the degree of detriment to the minor if services are not offered;
             510          (vii) for a minor ten years of age or older, the minor's attitude toward the
             511      implementation of family reunification services; and
             512          (viii) any other appropriate factors.
             513          (c) Reunification services for an incarcerated parent are subject to the 12-month
             514      limitation imposed in Subsection (2).
             515          (d) Reunification services for an institutionalized parent are subject to the 12-month
             516      limitation imposed in Subsection (2), unless the court determines that continued reunification
             517      services would be in the minor's best interest.
             518          (7) If, pursuant to Subsections (3)(d)(i)(B) through [(J)] (L), the court does not order
             519      reunification services, a permanency hearing shall be conducted within 30 days, in accordance
             520      with Section 78-3a-312 .


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